CiTO, the Citation Typing Ontology

IRI:
http://purl.org/spar/cito
Date:
09/12/2011
Current version:
2.1
Previous version:
http://imageweb.zoo.ox.ac.uk/pub/2009/citobase/cito-20100528-1.6/cito-content/cito.owl
Author:
David Shotton
Silvio Peroni
Contributor:
Paolo Ciccarese
Tim Clark
Other visualizations:
Ontology source
Machester Ontology Browser

This work is distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0/).

Abstract

CiTO, the Citation Typing Ontology, is an ontology for the characterization of citations, both factually and rhetorically. It forms part of SPAR, a suite of Semantic Publishing and Referencing Ontologies. Other SPAR ontologies are described at http://purl.org/spar/.

This ontology is available at http://purl.org/spar/cito/, and uses the namespace prefix cito:

Table of contents

  1. Introduction
  2. Object properties
  3. Annotation properties
  4. Namespace declarations

Introduction

CiTO, the Citation Typing Ontology, is an ontology written in OWL 2 DL to enable characterization of the nature or type of citations, both factually and rhetorically, and to permit these descriptions to be published on the Web.

The citations characterized may be either direct and explicit (as in the reference list of a journal article), indirect (e.g. a citation to a more recent paper by the same research group on the same topic), or implicit (e.g. as in artistic quotations or parodies, or in cases of plagiarism).

CiTO contains the object property cito:cites and its sub-properties, and its inverse property cito:isCitedBy, from the original Citation Typing Ontology, CiTO v1.6. Upon the creation of version 2.0 of CiTO, a number of new sub-properties of cito:cites were added, and the inverse properties of all the sub-properties of cito:cites were created, all of which are sub-properties of cito:isCitedBy. The ontology has also been integrated with the SWAN Discourse Relationships Ontology by making cito:cites a sub-property of http://purl.org/swan/2.0/discourse-relationships/refersTo.

Restrictions of domain and range present in the previous version of CiTO were removed from the object properties when creating CiTO v 2.0, permitting its independent use in other contexts, in addition to conventional bibliographic citations.

So that they can be used independently, other entities that were previously included in CiTO v1.6 have now been made components of other SPAR ontologies: FaBiO, the FRBR-aligned Bibliographic Ontology; C4O, the Citation Counting and Context Characterization Ontology; and PSO, the Publication Status Ontology.

The addition of two new properties:cito:usesConclusionsFrom and its inverse cito:providesConclusionsFor on 09Dec2011 has led to a version number increment from v2.0 to v2.1.

Object properties

agrees withopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/agreesWith

The citing entity agrees with statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

has super-properties

citesopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/cites

A statement that the citing entity cites the cited entity, either directly and explicitly (as in the reference list of a journal article), indirectly (e.g. by citing a more recent paper by the same group on the same topic), or implicitly (e.g. as in artistic quotations or parodies, or in cases of plagiarism).

has super-properties
  • discourse-relationships:refersToop
has sub-properties
agrees withop, cites as authorityop, cites as data sourceop, cites as evidenceop, cites as metadata documentop, cites as relatedop, cites as source documentop, cites for informationop, confirmsop, contains assertion fromop, correctsop, creditsop, critiquesop, disagrees withop, discussesop, disputesop, documentsop, extendsop, includes excerpt fromop, includes quotation fromop, obtains background fromop, obtains support fromop, parodiesop, plagiarizesop, qualifiesop, refutesop, reviewsop, ridiculesop, supportsop, updatesop, uses conclusions fromop, uses data fromop, uses method inop
is inverse of

cites as authorityopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsAuthority

The citing entity cites the cited entity as one that provides an authoritative description or definition of the subject under discussion.

has super-properties

cites as data sourceopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsDataSource

The citing entity cites the cited entity as source of data.

has super-properties

cites as evidenceopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsEvidence

The citing entity cites the cited entity as source of factual evidence for statements it contains.

has super-properties

cites as metadata documentopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsMetadataDocument

The citing entity cites the cited entity as being the container of metadata describing the citing entity.

has super-properties

cites as relatedopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsRelated

The citing entity cites the cited entity as one that is related.

has super-properties

cites as source documentopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesAsSourceDocument

The citing entity cites the cited entity as being the entity from which the citing entity is derived, or about which the citing entity contains metadata.

has super-properties

cites for informationopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/citesForInformation

The citing entity cites the cited entity as a source of information on the subject under discussion.

has super-properties

confirmsopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/confirms

The citing entity confirms facts, ideas or statements presented in the cited entity.

has super-properties

contains assertion fromopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/containsAssertionFrom

The citing entity contains a statement of fact or a logical assertion (or a collection of such facts and/or assertions) originally present in the cited entity. This object property is designed to be used to relate a separate abstract, summary or nanopublication to the cited entity upon which it is based.

has super-properties

correctsopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/corrects

The citing entity corrects statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

has super-properties

creditsopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/credits

The citing entity acknowledges contributions made by the cited entity.

has super-properties

critiquesopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/critiques

The citing entity critiques statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

has super-properties

disagrees withopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/disagreesWith

The citing entity disagrees with statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

has super-properties

discussesopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/discusses

The citing entity discusses statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

has super-properties

disputesopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/disputes

The citing entity disputes statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

has super-properties

documentsopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/documents

The citing entity documents information about the cited entity.

has super-properties

extendsopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/extends

The citing entity extends facts, ideas or understandings presented in the cited entity.

has super-properties

gives background toopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/givesBackgroundTo

The cited entity provides background information for the citing entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

gives support toopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/givesSupportTo

The cited entity provides intellectual or factual support for the citing entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

includes excerpt fromopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/includesExcerptFrom

The citing entity includes one or more excerpts from the cited entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

An excerpt is more general than a quotation. It is generally used to indicate a re-published extract from a book, instruction manual, film, radio programme, etc, that need not be what someone said. For example:

Oxford 01865

Oxshott 01372

Oxted 01883

Oxton 01578

is an excerpt from the UK Dialling Codes section of the Oxford Telephone Directory.

includes quotation fromopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/includesQuotationFrom

The citing entity includes one or more quotations from the cited entity.

has super-properties

A quotation is a repetition of what someone has said, and is presented "within quotation marks", for example:

On June 4th 1940, Winston Churchill made a speech on the radio that has since become famous, that included the words: " . . . we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender . . ."

is agreed with byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isAgreedWithBy

The cited entity contains statements, ideas or conclusions with which the citing entity agrees.

has super-properties
is inverse of

is cited as authority byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsAuthorityBy

The cited entity is cited as providing an authoritative description or definition of the subject under discussion in the citing entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

is cited as data source byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsDataSourceBy

The cited entity is cited as a data source by the citing entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

is cited as evidence byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsEvidenceBy

The cited entity is cited for providing factual evidence to the citing entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

is cited as metadata document byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsMetadataDocumentBy

The cited entity is cited as being the container of metadata relating to the citing entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

is cited as related byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsRelatedBy

The cited entity is cited as being related to the citing entity.

has super-properties

is cited as source document byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedAsSourceDocumentBy

The cited entity is cited as being the entity from which the citing entity is derived, or about which the citing entity contains metadata.

has super-properties
is inverse of

is cited byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedBy

A statement of fact that the cited entity (the subject of the triple) is cited by the citing entity (the object of the triple).

is cited for information byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCitedForInformationBy

The cited entity is cited as a source of information on the subject under discussion in the citing entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

is confirmed byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isConfirmedBy

The cited entity presents facts, ideas or statements that are confirmed by the citing entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

is corrected byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCorrectedBy

The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are corrected by the citing entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

is credited byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCreditedBy

The cited entity makes contributions that are acknowledged by the citing entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

is critiqued byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isCritiquedBy

The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are critiqued by the citing entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

is disagreed with byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDisagreedWithBy

The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are disagreed with by the citing entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

is discussed byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDiscussedBy

The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are discussed by the citing entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

is disputed byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDisputedBy

The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are disputed by the citing entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

is documented byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isDocumentedBy

Information about the cited entity is documented by the citing entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

is extended byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isExtendedBy

The cited entity presents facts, ideas or understandings that are extended by the citing entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

is parodied byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isParodiedBy

The characteristic style or content of the cited entity is imitated by the citing entity for comic effect, usually without explicit citation.

has super-properties
is inverse of

is plagiarized byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isPlagiarizedBy

The cited entity is plagiarized by the author of the citing entity, who includes within the citing entity textual or other elements from the cited entity without formal acknowledgement of their source. The cited entity is thus not explicitly cited from within the citing entity, according to the norms of scholarly practice, but is cited implicitly.

has super-properties
is inverse of

is qualified byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isQualifiedBy

The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are qualified or have conditions placed upon them by the citing entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

is refuted byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isRefutedBy

The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are refuted by the citing entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

is reviewed byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isReviewedBy

The cited entity presents statements, ideas or conclusions that are reviewed by the citing entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

is ridiculed byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isRidiculedBy

The cited entity or aspects of its contents are ridiculed by the citing entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

is supported byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isSupportedBy

The cited entity receives intellectual or factual support from the citing entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

is updated byopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/isUpdatedBy

The cited entity presents statements, ideas, hypotheses or understanding that are updated by the cited entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

obtains background fromopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/obtainsBackgroundFrom

The citing entity obtains background information from the cited entity.

has super-properties

obtains support fromopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/obtainsSupportFrom

The citing entity obtains intellectual or factual support from the cited entity.

has super-properties

parodiesopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/parodies

The citing entity imitates the characteristic style or content of the cited entity for comic effect, usually without explicit citation.

has super-properties

plagiarizesopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/plagiarizes

The author of the citing entity plagiarizes the cited entity, by including textual or other elements from the cited entity without formal acknowledgement of their source. The citing entity thus contains no explicit citation of the cited entity, according to the norms of scholarly practice, but cites it implicitly.

has super-properties

provides assertion foropback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesAssertionFor

The cited entity contains and is the original source of a statement of fact or a logical assertion (or a collection of such facts and/or assertions) that is to be found in the citing entity. This inverse object property is designed to be used to relate a cited entity to a separate abstract, summary or nanopublication based upon it.

has super-properties
is inverse of

provides conclusions foropback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesConclusionsFor

The cited entity presents conclusions that are used in work described in the citing entity.

has super-properties

provides data foropback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesDataFor

The cited entity presents data that are used in work described in the citing entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

provides excerpt foropback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesExcerptFor

The cited entity contains information that is excerpted by (used as an excerpt within) the citing entity.

has super-properties

provides method foropback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesMethodFor

The cited entity details a method that is used in work described by the citing entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

provides quotation foropback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/providesQuotationFor

The cited entity contains information that is quoted by (used as a quotation within) the citing entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

qualifiesopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/qualifies

The citing entity qualifies or places conditions or restrictions upon statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

has super-properties

refutesopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/refutes

The citing entity refutes statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

has super-properties

reviewsopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/reviews

The citing entity reviews statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

has super-properties

ridiculesopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/ridicules

The citing entity ridicules the cited entity or aspects of its contents.

has super-properties

shares authors withopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/sharesAuthorsWith

The citing entity has at least one author in common with the cited entity.

has characteristics: symmetric

has super-properties
  • owl:topObjectPropertyop

supportsopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/supports

The citing entity provides intellectual or factual support for statements, ideas or conclusions presented in the cited entity.

has super-properties

updatesopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/updates

The citing entity updates statements, ideas, hypotheses or understanding presented in the cited entity.

has super-properties

uses conclusions fromopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/usesConclusionsFrom

The citing entity describes work that uses conclusions presented in the cited entity.

has super-properties
is inverse of

uses data fromopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/usesDataFrom

The citing entity describes work that uses data presented in the cited entity.

has super-properties

uses method inopback to ToC or Object Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/spar/cito/usesMethodIn

The citing entity describes work that uses a method detailed in the cited entity.

has super-properties

Annotation properties

dc:contributorapback to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/contributor

dc:creatorapback to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/creator

dc:dateapback to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/date

dc:descriptionapback to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/description

dc:rightsapback to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/rights

dc:titleapback to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/title

owl:priorVersionapback to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#priorVersion

owl:versionInfoapback to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#versionInfo

rdfs:commentapback to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#comment

rdfs:labelapback to ToC or Annotation Property ToC

IRI: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label

Namespace declarations back to ToC

default namespace
http://purl.org/spar/cito/
cito
http://purl.org/spar/cito/
dc
http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/
discourse-relationships
http://purl.org/swan/2.0/discourse-relationships/
owl
http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#
rdf
http://www.w3.org/1999/02/22-rdf-syntax-ns#
rdfs
http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#
xsd
http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema#

This HTML document was obtained by processing the OWL ontology source code through LODE, the Live OWL Documentation Environment developed by Silvio Peroni.