FaBiO, the FRBR-aligned Bibliographic Ontology

A brief summary of a work on a particular subject (typically a research paper, report, review or thesis), appearing at the beginning of the work and designed to act as the point-of-entry that will help the reader quickly to obtain an overview of the work's contents.

A precise sequential set of pre-defined logical rules or computational operations to be employed for solving a particular problem in a finite number of steps.

A real object that is an exemplar of a fabio:Manifestation, such as a particular copy of the book 'Alice's adventures in Wonderland', that a person may own.

A manifestation in an analog form.

A means of storing information in non-digital form, e.g. paper, film (for analogue photographs or movies), magnetic tape (for analogue sound recordings or video recordings) or vinyl disc.

A collection of selected literary or scholastics works, for example poems, short stories, plays or research papers.

A computer program that enables a separate computer to interact programmatically with the computer running the API. (Commonly abbreviated 'API'.)

A set of metadata elements, policies and guidelines defined for a particular application. The metadata elements used in the application profile may be drawn from more than one element sets, including locally defined sets.

The realization of a piece of writing on a particular topic.

A literary creative work, such as a novel, play, poem or song.

The realization of a sound recording.

A controlled vocabulary or official list that establishes, for consistency, the authoritative forms of headings, and the preferred terms or proper names to be used, when creating a catalogue or when indexing and searching a set of entities within a defined domain.

A thesis reporting a research project undertaken as part of an undergraduate course of education leading to a bachelor's degree.

Standard bibliographic metadata describing an expression of a work. To take the example of a journal article, bibliographic metadata typically include the authors' names, the date of publication, the title of the article, the journal name and volume number, the first and last page numbers, and the Digital Object Identifier (DOI).

An account of the events, works and achievements, both personal and professional, of a person, either living or dead.

A Web manifestation containing blog posts.

Information manifested in a blog, one of a set of periodic sequential entries containing commentary, descriptions of events, or other material such as images or videos, usually displayed in reverse-chronological order and usually maintained by an individual, or comments on such a post.

A non-serial document that is complete in one volume or a designated finite number of volumes. A book published by a publisher is usually identified by an International Standard Book Number (ISBN), and may be manifested as a physical printed publication on paper bound in a hard or soft cover, or in electronic format as an 'e-book'.

A defined chapter of a book, usually with a separate title or number.

A written review and critical analysis of the content, scope and quality of a book or other monographic work.

A sequence of books having certain characteristics in common that are formally identified together as a group.

A part of a grant application that provides a description of a proposed project and gives reasons why it is worthy of funding. (See also fabio:GrantApplication).

A document containing the case for support for a particular project, usually contained within a grant application document but sometimes distributed separately, without the financial and organizational information that the grant application document also contains.

A list of items describing the content of a resource, for example items in an exhibition, items offered for sale by a vendor, or entities contained within a library or collection. Ideally, catalogs are created according to specific and uniform principles of construction and are under the control of an authority file.

A defined document section, forming part of or intended for inclusion within a larger document, usually with its own title or chapter number. Different chapters within a document such as a book or a report may each be independently authored, or may all be authored by a single individual or group of authors.

Metadata describing the citations made within a work to other works, and (optionally) some characteristics of the expressions of the cited works.

A presentation of findings following a clinical or medical investigation on a human or animal patient, that may contain a diagnosis and proposals for therapeutic treatment and/or epidemiological control measures, or may propose further evaluative studies that will eventually lead to such outcomes.

A recommendation on the appropriate treatment and care of people with a specific disease or condition, based on the best available evidence, designed to help healthcare professionals in their work.

A predefined written procedural method, designed to ensure reliability of findings, for undertaking a medical or veterinary clinical study of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic or prophylactic drugs or treatments, or of devices or techniques, involving a randomized controlled trial for evidence-based assessment in humans or animals, specifying criteria of eligibility, nature of controls, sampling schedules, data collection parameters, statistical analyses, reporting standards, etc. to be employed in undertaking the clinical trial.

The report of a pre-planned medical or veterinary clinical study of the safety, efficacy, or optimum dosage schedule of one or more diagnostic, therapeutic or prophylactic drugs, or of devices, treatments or techniques, involving a randomized controlled trial for evidence-based assessment in humans or animals selected according to predetermined criteria of eligibility and observed for evidence of favourable and unfavourable effects.

A collection of the literary or scholastic works of a single person.

A verbal or written remark concerning some entity. In written form, a comment is often appended to that entity and termed an annotation. Within computer programs or ontologies, comments are added to enhance human understanding, and are usually prefaced by a special syntactic symbol that ensures they are ignored during execution of the program.

A collection of all the literary or scholastic works of a single person.

A computer program designed to assist a human user to perform one or more goal-oriented tasks such as word processing or image processing. A computer application will typically save its output files in one or more specific formats, conforming either to proprietary or open standards.

A digital item containing information in computer-readable form encoded in a particular format.

A unit of computer code in source or compiled form, employing one or more algorithms to be executed by a digital computer to undertake a particular task. Computer programs are collectively called 'software' to distinguish them from the equipment ('hardware') upon which they run.

A SKOS concept can be viewed as an idea or notion; a unit of thought. However, what constitutes a unit of thought is subjective, and this definition is meant to be suggestive, rather than restrictive.

The notion of a SKOS concept is useful when describing the conceptual or intellectual structure of a knowledge organization system, and when referring to specific ideas or meanings established within a KOS.

Note that, because SKOS is designed to be a vehicle for representing semi-formal KOS, such as thesauri and classification schemes, a certain amount of flexibility has been built in to the formal definition of this class.

A SKOS concept scheme can be viewed as an aggregation of one or more SKOS concepts. Semantic relationships (links) between those concepts may also be viewed as part of a concept scheme. This definition is, however, meant to be suggestive rather than restrictive, and there is some flexibility in the formal data model stated below.

The notion of a concept scheme is useful when dealing with data from an unknown source, and when dealing with data that describes two or more different knowledge organization systems.

A paper, typically the realization of a research paper reporting original research findings, usually published within a conference proceeding.

A display poster, typically containing text with illustrative figures and/or tables, usually reporting research results or proposing hypotheses, submitted for acceptance to and/or presented at a conference, seminar, symposium, workshop or similar event.

A document containing the programme and collected conference papers, or their abstracts, presented at a conference, seminar, symposium or similar event.

A collection of selected words and phrases related to a particular domain of knowledge used to permit consistency of metadata annotation and improved retrieval following a search, in which homonyms, synonyms and similar ambiguities of meaning present in natural language are disambiguated.

A formal correction to an error introduced by the author into a previously published document.

A protective covering used to bind together the pages of a document or the first, informative, page of a digital document.

A new edition of a historical publication, edited by a scholar other than the original author, containing within the body text the supposedly best version of the original work, with footnotes detailing and commenting on textual variations between different versions, typically with an introduction to the original work written by the scholar, and with a bibliography listing related publications.

A realisation of a fabio:Dataset (a frbr:Work) containing a defined collection of data with specific content and possibly with a specific version number, that can be embodied as a fabio:Digital Manifestation (a frbr:Manifestation with a specific format) and be represented by a specific fabio:ComputerFile (a frbr:Item) on someone's hard drive.

A repository for storing data.

A structured collection of logically related records or data usually stored and retrieved using computer-based means.

The software used to create a database. (Commonly abbreviated 'DBMS'.)

A collection of related facts, often expressed in numerical form and encoded in a defined structure.

A document containing a project report, intended to be delivered to a customer or funding agency describing the results achieved within a specific project.

A report describing the outcomes of specific project, typically listing 'deliverables' created or 'milestones' achieved during the project.

A demonstration paper, typically describing a new product, service or system created as a result of research, usually presented during a conference.

A personal record, in a form of book, with discrete entries (often handwritten) arranged by date, reporting what has happened over the course of a day or other period of time.

A digital object, such as a computer file.

A manifestation that represents data in binary form, encoding the data as a series of 0s and 1s.

A means of storing information in digital form, involving binary encoding of data in 0s and 1s, e.g. a computer random access memory, hard disc, USB stick, CD, DVD or digital magnetic tape.

A database of information which is heavily optimized for reading.

A discipline dictionary is a collection of subject disciplines.

A thesis reporting the research undertaken during a period of graduate study leading to a doctoral degree.

A repository for storing documents.

A detachable outer cover, usually made of paper and printed with text and illustrations. This outer cover has folded flaps that hold it to the cover of a document.

A message transmitted over the internet as an item of electronic mail, typically based on the Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP). Emails can have computer files containing documents, dataset and images attached to them or embedded within them.

The realization of an opinion written by an editor.

Metadata describing the work itself, including for example the name of the creator(s), the title of the work, and the date and place of its creation.

A formal correction to an error introduced by the publisher into a previously published document.

A piece of non-fiction writing on a particular subject, usually of moderate length and without chapters.

A set of questions on a particular topic designed to test the academic, professional or technical ability of the person taking the examination, with achievement of a pass grade in the examination typically being a prerequisite for the award of an educational award such as a degree, or of a professional or technical qualification.

A segment or passage selected from a larger expression for use in another expression, usually with specific attribution to its original source.

[Note: Use fabio:Excerpt to indicate a segment or passage selected from another expression that is not a passage of speech, and fabio:Quotation to indicate a segment or passage selected from another expression that is a passage of speech.]

A predefined written procedural method, designed to ensure successful replication of results by others in the same or other laboratories, that describes the overall objectives, organization and implementation of a scientific experiment, and specifies the experimental design, experimental methods, reagents, instrumentation, sampling schedules, data collection parameters, statistical analyses, image processing procedures, safety precautions, reporting standards, etc. employed in undertaking the experiment.

A subclass of FRBR expression, restricted to expressions of fabio:Works. For your latest research paper, the preprint submitted to the publisher, and the final published version to which the publisher assigned a unique digital object identifier, are both expressions of the same work.

A collection of expressions, for example a periodical or a book series.

A visual communication object comprising one or more still images on a related theme. If included within a publication, a figure is typically unaligned with the main body of text, having its own descriptive textual figure legend.

A movie with an accompanying soundtrack, typically created by a professional film studio, designed to communicate a fictional story, record an artistic event, or impart information that is scientific or documentary in nature.

A system of classification derived from the practice and method of collaboratively creating and managing tags to annotate and categorize content in a particular domain. [Contrast fabio:Ontology]

A horizontal bar chart used to guide project planning, execution and control, illustrating the project schedule, with a separate line indicating the start and end dates of each of the key project activities or workpackages, and optionally showing the dependencies between these items. A Gantt chart is typically part of a project plan.

A formal written request for financial support from a grant-giving body in support of a project, for example an academic research project. (See also fabio:CaseForSupport.)

The realization of a grant application, usually containing a case for support document.

A print object bound with rigid protective covers (typically of cardboard covered with cloth, heavy paper, or sometimes leather).

A visual representation other than text, including all types of moving image and still image.

An alphabetically-ordered list of words and phrases ('headings') and associated pointers ('locators') to where useful material relating to that heading can be found in a document.

An instructional document typically supplied with a technologically advanced consumer product, such as a car or a computer application, or with an item of complex equipment such as a microscope.

A work created for the purpose of education or instruction, that may be expressed as a text book, a lecture, a tutorial or an instruction manual.

A subclass of FRBR item, restricted to exemplars of fabio:Manifestations. An example of a fabio:Item is a printed copy of a journal article on your desk, or a PDF file of that article that you purchased from a publisher and that now resides in digital form on your computer hard drive.

A collection of items.

A scholarly periodical primarily devoted to the publication of original research papers. [Printed and electronic manifestations of the same journal are usually identified by separate print and electronic International Standard Serial Numbers (ISSN or eISSN, respectively), that identifies the journal as a whole, not to individual issues of it.]

An article, typically the realization of a research paper reporting original research findings, published in a journal issue.

An editorial published in an issue of a journal.

A particular published issue of a journal, one or more of which will constitute a volume of the journal.

A news report published in a journal issue.

A particular published volume of a journal, comprising one or more journal issues.

A notebook used by an individual research scientist as the primary record of his or her research activities. A researcher may use a laboratory notebook to document hypotheses, to describe experiments and to record data in various formats, to provide details of data analysis and interpretation, or to record the validation or invalidation of the original hypotheses. The laboratory notebook serves as an organizational tool and a memory aid. It may also have a role in recording and protecting any intellectual property created during the research, and may be used in evidence when establishing priority of discoveries, for example in patent applications. Electronic versions of laboratory notebooks are increasingly being employed by researchers, particularly in chemistry and the pharmaceutical industry.

A document containing notes that summarize a lecture or course of lectures.

A written explanation by a judge or group of judges that accompanies a ruling in a legal case, laying out the reasons and legal principles for the ruling, and sometimes containing pronouncements about what the law is and how it should be interpreted.

A written or printed communication of a personal or professional nature between individuals and/or representatives of corporate bodies, usually transmitted by the postal service or published in a periodical. In the latter case, the letter is typically addressed to the editor and comments on or discussed an item previously published by that periodical, or of interest to its readership.

A periodical, usually devoted to a particular topic or domain of interest, and usually published weekly or monthly, consisting primarily of non-peer reviewed editorials, journalistic news items and more substantive articles, reviews, book reviews and discussions concerning current or recent events and publications, and matters of interest to the domain served by the magazine. [Some scientific journals, notably Science and Nature, also secondarily serve as science magazines by containing substantive editorials and news items on vital or controversial issues].

An article published in a magazine issue.

An editorial published in an issue of a magazine.

A particular published issue of a magazine, identified by date, and sometimes also by place (e.g. 'West Coast edition') or language (e.g. 'Spanish edition').

A news report published in a magazine issue.

A subclass of FRBR manifestation, restricted to manifestations of fabio:Expressions. fabio:Manifestation specifically applies to electronic (digital) as well as to physical manifestations of expressions.

Examples of different manifestations of a single 'version of record' expression of a scholarly work include an article in a print journal or the on-line version of that article as a web page.

A collection of manifestations.

A textual work prepared 'by hand', such as a typescript or word-processed pre-publication draft of a research paper or a report, or a work not otherwise reproduced in multiple copies. [Note: fabio:Manuscript is not intended to describe a handwritten historical document on paper or parchment, for which the FRBR distinctions between work, expression, manifestation and item (individual copy) becomes blurred.].

A thesis reporting a research project undertaken as part of a graduate course of education leading to a master's degree.

A separate work that provides information describing one or more characteristics of a resource or entity.

A document that contains metadata information describing one or more characteristics of an entity.

A metadata standard specifying items to be included when creating metadata describing a dataset of a particular type, or when creating a structured digital abstract summarizing the main findings of an article or report in a particular domain of interest, thereby ensuring adequate descriptive information is recorded for subsequent resource discovery and/or interpretation of the information described. [See also fabio:ReportingStandard.]

A mathematical, graphical or physical representation of some physical reality, conceptual idea or theoretical construct.

The realization of a moving image.

A moving display, either generated dynamically by a computer program or formed from a series of pre-recorded still images imparting an impression of motion when shown in succession. Examples include animations, cine films, videos, and computational simulations. Expressions of moving images may incorporate synchronized soundtracks.

A piece of music, typically in the form of a composition recorded in musical notation.

A published news report.

A report of an item of news.

A non-peer reviewed periodical, usually published daily or weekly, consisting primarily of editorials and news items concerning current or recent events and matters of public interest.

An article written by a journalist and published in a newspaper.

An editorial published in an issue of a newspaper.

A particular published issue of a newspaper, identified by date, and sometimes also by place or time (e.g. 'Late London Edition').

A news report published in a newspaper issue.

A book containing personal notes, typically created by writing into a physical book with blank pages.

A long fictitious narrative written in literary prose.

A formal representation of a set of concepts within a domain of knowledge, and the logical relationships between those concepts. [Contrast fabio:Folksonomy]

A document containing an ontology, for example an OWL (Web Ontology Language) file (http://www.w3.org/TR/owl-features/).

An expression of a personal or professional opinion on an issue or topic.

A print object with a flexible cover, usually made of paper or paperboard.

A formal disclosure of a new invention approved by a governmental patent agency, made to register intellectual property rights, and to give exclusive rights to the inventor or assignee to manufacture, use, license or sell the invention for a certain number of years.

A formal disclosure of a new invention, made in application for a patent.

The physical or electronic realization of a patent application.

The physical or electronic realization of a patent.

A publication issued on a regular and ongoing basis as a series of issues, each issue comprising separate periodical items, for example editorials, articles, news items and/or other writings.

A particular issue of a periodical, identified and distinguished from other issues of the same publication by date and/or issue number and/or volume number, and comprising separate periodical items such as editorials, articles and news items.

A piece of writing published in a periodical issue, typically accompanied by other items by different authors.

A particular published volume of a periodical.

Information communicated personally by verbal or written means from one individual to one or more another persons or organizations.

A form of literature written by a playwright, usually consisting of scripted dialogue between characters, intended for theatrical performance rather than reading.

An artistic work written with an intensity or beauty of language more characteristic of poetry than of prose.

The version of an author's original scholarly work, such as a research paper or a review, re-submitted for publication after revision by the author in the light of comments from reviewers. [Note: For the version before peer review, use fabio:Preprint. For the version published by the journal and forming the 'version of record', use fabio:JournalArticle. See also fabio:Manuscript]

The version of an author's original scholarly work, such as a research paper or a review, first submitted to a journal for publication. [Note: For that version of the article resubmitted after peer-review and revision, use fabio:Postprint. For that version published by the journal and forming the 'version of record', use fabio:JournalArticle. See also fabio:Manuscript]

A set of slides containing text, tables or figures, designed to communicate ideas or research results, for projection and viewing by an audience at a conference, symposium, seminar, lecture, workshop or other gatherings, typically embodied in a particular manifestation format such as a SlideShare or PowerPoint slideshow.

A news report published by an organization to provide information to journalists.

An analog manifestation in physical printed form, typically on paper.

Metadata describing a project, for example the project name, the names of those who conducted the project, the name of the institution in which the project was conducted, and the project funding information.

A document used to guide project planning, execution and control, specifying the project's goal and objectives and the activities and resources required to achieve these, setting out the project schedule, and identifying the major workpackages, milestones and deliverables. A project plan will typically contain a Gantt chart.

In printing and publishing, a proof copy is the preliminary version of a publication, after the inclusion of any author corrections following review, and after copy editing and formatting to bring the manuscript into the house style, intended for final checking prior to publication to detect and eliminate typographical errors, omissions or transpositions of text, incorrect layout or placement of illustrations and tables, or other formatting errors. Those who check proofs include the editor, possibly the peer-reviewers (to ensure that their requested modifications have been included to their satisfaction), possibly an in-house professional proof-reader, and / or the author, who is ultimately responsible for ensuring the published work says what (s)he means it to say. Substantive changes to the text are not permitted once the manuscript has reached proof stage.

A proposal or proposition of a new conceptualization, hypothesis, idea or theory.

A set of questions on a particular topic, usually in the form of multiple choice questions requiring the respondent to select the correct answer, or providing the ability to indicate support for or against a proposal on a numerical scale, designed for rapid numerical analysis of responses and often used in surveying public opinion.

A passage of speech selected from a larger verbal or written expression for use in another expression, with specific attribution to its original source, and usually demarcated by quotation marks and / or by placing it in a separate indented paragraph.

[Note: Use fabio:Quotation to indicate a segment or passage selected from another expression that is a passage of speech, and fabio:Excerpt to indicate a segment or passage selected from another expression that is not a passage of speech.]

A work to which people refer for authoritative factual information, such as a dictionary, encyclopaedia, handbook or field guide, or an informative web page such as an institutional, research group or project home page.

A database in which the data are arranged in tables according to their common characteristics, with relationships between the tables being defined by a relational model or schema. A relational database is highly optimized for performance, and is queried using a database query language such as SQL (Structured Query Language). The software used to create a relational database is called a relational database management system (RDBMS).

A formal factual, methodological, statistical, technical or research report issued by an individual, group, agency, government body or other institution.

The realization of a report, usually in printed form.

A set of recommendations for the minimum reporting requirements to be employed when reporting a particular type of investigation or project, for example a randomized clinical trial. A reporting standard may involve a checklist and a flow diagram, offers a standard way for authors to prepare a complete and transparent report of their findings, and aids their critical appraisal and interpretation of their data. [See also fabio:MinimalInformationStandard.]

A computer system in which information may be stored.

A report of original research findings, either published in written form, or delivered orally at a meeting.

A review of others' work.

An article that contains a review.

A written work made especially for a film or television program. Screenplays can be original works or adaptations from existing pieces of writing, for example novels.

A small computer program written in a scripting language such as JavaScript, PHP or Perl that allows control of one or more software applications.

A work of fiction that is usually written in prose, often in narrative format. This format tends to be more focused and less elaborate than longer works of fiction such as novels.

A musical composition that contains vocal parts ('lyrics') that are performed ('sung').

The creative work of making an electrical or mechanical recording of sounds, such as the spoken voice, singing, instrumental music, animal vocalizations or sound effects.

An explicit description of, or set of requirements to be satisfied by, a material, product, resource, service or standard.

An electronic form of data storage that displays a grid of rows and columns, in which each editable cell can contain alphanumeric text, a numeric value, or a formula that defines how the content of that cell is to be calculated from the content of another cell or cells.

Clear and detailed written instructions of a prescribed step-by-step procedure to be routinely followed, and decisions to be made when undertaking a specific task, process or function, to achieve consistent performance, ensure safety and/or assure data quality. (Commonly abbreviated 'SOP'.)

A recorded static visual representation. This class of image includes diagrams, drawings, graphs, graphic designs, plans, maps, photographs and prints.

A device for recording information or storing data.

A concept that identifies a field of knowledge or human activity, such as Computer Science, Biology, Economics, Cookery or Swimming.

A concept that defines a term within the controlled vocabulary of a particular classification system, such as the ACM Computing Classification System or MeSH, the Medical Subject Headings, used as an annotation to describe the subject, meaning or content of an entity.

A document accompanying a published journal article, containing additional information of relevance to the article, typically available from the publisher's web site via a hyperlink from the journal article itself.

A literature review focused on a single question that tries to identify, appraise, select and synthesize all high quality research evidence relevant to that question. Systematic reviews of high-quality randomized controlled trials are crucial to evidence-based medicine. An understanding of systematic reviews and how to implement them in practice is becoming mandatory for all professionals involved in the delivery of health care. Systematic reviews are not limited to medicine, and are quite common in other sciences such as psychology, educational research and sociology.

A graphical means of presenting data in a grid of rows and columns, within which the cells usually contain alphanumeric text or numeric values. If included within a publication, a table typically appearing unaligned with the main body of text, with its own descriptive title.

A classification arranged in a hierarchical structure of classes and subclasses, showing parent-child isA relationships, or broader_than - narrower_than relationships.

A report of a technical nature.

An official or public specification of, or requirement for, a technical method, practice, process or protocol that is involved in, for example, manufacturing, computation, electronic communication, or digital media.

A controlled vocabulary, usually referring to terms within a particular classification system, such as the ACM Computing Classification System or MeSH, the Medical Subject Headings, or a controlled vocabulary of disciplines.

A book containing instructional material relating to a particular topic of academic study, designed to be read by students.

A type of controlled vocabulary used in information retrieval applications for indexing or tagging purposes, in which relationships between terms are made explicit. These are normally hierarchical relationships (is-a, subsumption; e.g. a cow is a mammal), equivalency relationships relating non-preferred terms to preferred terms (e.g. pitch and frequency), or associative relationships, in which the relationship that exists is neither one of hierarchy or equivalence, but rather one of similarity (e.g. sports and leisure pursuits).

A book authored by a student containing a formal presentations of research outputs submitted for examination in completion of a course of study at an institution of higher education, to fulfil the requirements for an academic degree. Also know as a dissertation. [For the alternative meaning of the word 'thesis', namely the formulation of a concept, hypothesis, idea, point of view or theory presented for review and/or discussion, use fabio:Proposition.]

A tabular dataset providing information about the times and locations of a planned series of events.

A database specifically designed for the storage and retrieval of Resource Description Framework (RDF) data consisting of subject-predicate-object triples. A triple store is queried using the RDF query language SPARQL.

A non-defined collection of words and phrases relating to a particular domain of knowledge, usually added freely by a community, in which homonyms, synonyms and similar ambiguities of meaning present in natural language are not formally disambiguated.

A set of words, either constituting a language, or more specifically used to describe a particular domain of knowledge.

A document containing a vocabulary

A mapping of correspondences between two vocabularies. For controlled vocabularies, such mappings may be expressed using SKOS (http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/).

A document containing a vocabulary mapping

A snapshots of (part of) the World Wide Web.

Information prepared specifically and primarily for manifestation in a web page, comprising text, images, datasets and/or other works.

A digital manifestation on the Web, such as a wiki, a web site, a web page or a blog.

A Web manifestation usually identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), and made accessible to a user by means of the Hypertext Transport Protocol (HTTP) in a Web browser window. Several interlinked web pages hosted together on a Web server and accessed through a single domain name or IP address constitute a web site.

A collection of related web pages containing text, images, videos and/or other digital assets that are addressed relative to a common Uniform Resource Locator (URL). A web site is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network.

An authoritative report or guide designed to educate readers and help people make decisions, or to explain technical problems and how to solve them. White papers are typically published by governments to propose new legislation for discussion, and by commercial companies to inform readers about products or services, as aids to marketing.

A collaborative Web manifestation, usually maintained by a project team or group, providing easy-to-edit pages that can be used to accumulate related information for shared use by the group and/or publication.

Information manifested in a wiki.

A subclass of FRBR work, restricted to works that are published or potentially publishable, and that contain or are referred to by bibliographic references, or entities used to define bibliographic references. FaBiO works, and their expressions and manifestations, are primarily textual publications such as books, magazines, newspapers and journals, and items of their content. However, they also include datasets, computer algorithms, experimental protocols, formal specifications and vocabularies, legal records, governmental papers, technical and commercial reports and similar publications, and also bibliographies, reference lists, library catalogues and similar collections. For this reason, fabio:Work is not an equivalent class to frbr:ScholarlyWork. An example of a fabio:Work is your latest research paper.

A component of the case for support of a grant application, describing a particular aspect of the work to be undertaken.

A recorded sequence of connected steps, which may be automated, specifying a reliably repeatable sequence of operations to be undertaken when conducting a particular job, for example an in silico investigation that extracts and processes information from a number of bioinformatics databases.

An unpublished paper, usually circulated privately among a small group of peers, to provide information or with a request for comments or editorial improvement.

A paper, typically the realization of a research paper reporting original research findings, usually presented at a workshop and published within a workshop proceeding.

A document containing the programme and collected workshop papers, or their abstracts, presented at a workshop or similar event.

An entity primarily responsible for making the resource.

Examples of a Creator include a person, an organization, or a service. Typically, the name of a Creator should be used to indicate the entity.

The discipline to which a subject vocabulary belongs.

As defined by FRBR (http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr1.htm; http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#embodiment), a property representing a manifestation that embodies an expression.

As defined by FRBR (http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr1.htm; http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#exemplar), a property representing an item that exemplifies a manifestation.

The file format, physical medium, or dimensions of the resource.

Examples of dimensions include size and duration. Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as the list of Internet Media Types.

A language of the resource. Examples include written, spoken, sign, and computer languages.

Recommended best practice is to use a controlled vocabulary such as RFC 4646 [http://www.ietf.org/rfc/rfc4646.txt].

A legal document giving official permission to do something with the resource.

A property linking a particular work to its manifestations. This property is additional to the relationships between FRBR endeavours present in the classical FRBR data model.

Meaning = has part. As defined by FRBR (http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr1.htm; http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#part), a property indicating that one entity includes another entity.

A property linking a particular work to its items. This property is additional to the relationships between FRBR endeavours present in the classical FRBR data model.

An entity responsible for making the resource available.

Examples of a Publisher include a person, an organization, or a service. Typically, the name of a Publisher should be used to indicate the entity.

As defined by FRBR (http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr1.htm; http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realization), a property representing an expression that is an intellectual or artistic realization of a work.

A property linking a particular expression to its items. This property is additional to the relationships between FRBR endeavours present in the classical FRBR data model.

Information about rights held in and over the resource.

Typically, rights information includes a statement about various property rights associated with the resource, including intellectual property rights.

This property is used to associate a frbr:Endeavour to a term in a particular classification system.

This property relates a subject vocabulary to the discipline to which it belongs.

As defined by FRBR (http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr1.htm; http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#embodimentOf), a property representing an expression that is embodied by a manifestation.

As defined by FRBR (http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr1.htm; http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#embodimentOf), a property representing a manifestation that is exemplified by an item.

This property expresses the fact that a concept is a part of a scheme.

A property linking a particular manifestation to the work it is manifesting. This property is additional to the relationships between FRBR endeavours present in the classical FRBR data model.

Meaning = is part of. As defined by FRBR (http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr1.htm; http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#partOf), a property indicating that one entity is a part of another entity.

A property linking a particular item to the work it portrays. This property is additional to the relationships between FRBR endeavours present in the classical FRBR data model.

As defined by FRBR (http://www.ifla.org/VII/s13/frbr/frbr1.htm; http://purl.org/vocab/frbr/core#realizationOf), a property representing the work that has been realized by an expression.

A property linking a particular item to the expression it represents. This property is additional to the relationships between FRBR endeavours present in the classical FRBR data model.

This property expresses the fact that a scheme contains a concept.

This property relates a fabio:Item to the medium upon which it is stored.

This property relates a storage medium to the fabio:Item stored upon it.

The date of acceptance of the resource. Examples of resources to which a Date Accepted may be relevant are a thesis (accepted by a university department) or an article (accepted by a journal).

The date on which a particular digital item, such as a PDF or an HTML file, has been accessed by somebody.

A local identifier for an article within a periodical issue.

The count of the number of characters in a textual resource.

The date on which an entity has been copyrighted.

The year in which an entity has been copyrighted.

The date on which an entity has been created.

A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource.

Date may be used to express temporal information at any level of granularity. Recommended best practice is to use an encoding scheme, such as the W3CDTF profile of ISO 8601 [http://www.w3.org/TR/NOTE-datetime].

The date on which a particular endeavour, such as a grant application, has been or will be approved or rejected by somebody.

The date on which an entity has been deposited, for example in a library, repository, supplementary information archive, database or similar place of document or information storage.

The digital object identifier for a particular bibliographic or data entity (commonly abbreviated DOI).

An identifier for one of several alternative issues of a magazine, a book or other resource.

The international standard serial number, ISSN, for electronic resources.

The date before which an entity should not be published, or before which a press release should not be reported on.

Identifies the last page of an entity such as a journal article.

A persistent identifier for digital objects and other resources on the Internet.

A unique and unambiguous reference to the resource within a given context.

Recommended best practice is to identify the resource by means of a string conforming to a formal identification system.

The international standard book number, ISBN.

The international standard serial number, ISSN.

Date of formal issuance (e.g. publication) of the resource.

An identifier used to identify a specific issue of a magazine, a journal or other resource.

A property used to tag a resource with a keyword that is likely to be used in search queries.

The date on which an entity has been modified.

An identifier for all those journals available from the National Library of Medicine repository.

An integer that identifies the number of work within a particular context, for example a book in a book series, a chapter in a document, a volume in a journal.

The count of the number of pages in a textual resource.

Identifies the page range of an entity such as a journal article.

The date on which a resource is published or disclosed.

The year in which a resource is published.

An identifier for all those bibliographic entities hosted by the PubMed Central repository.

An identifier for all those bibliographic records hosted by the PubMed repository.

A short version of the title of an entity, typically used to label or refer to a particular entity in an abbreviated form, for example in a page header.

A code used to uniquely identify specific volumes, articles or other identifiable parts of a periodical. It is intended primarily for use by those members of the bibliographic community involved in the use or management of serial titles and their contributions.

Identifies the first page of an entity such as a journal article.

The date on which an entity has been submitted. Examples of resources to which a Date Submitted may be relevant are a thesis (submitted to a university department), a grant application (submitted to a funding agency) or an article (submitted to a journal).

A secondary title that follows the main title of a work.

A name given to a resource. Typically, the title will be the name by which the resource is formally known.

An identifier, in form of a URL, for a particular resource.

Date (often a range) of validity of a resource.

An identifier for a version of a resource, for example a text book, a draft of an article, or a data file.

The count of the number of volumes a work includes.

An identifier for a particular volume of a resource, such as a journal or a multi-volume book.

The count of the number of words in a textual resource.

The name or identifier of the section of a resource, for example the Travel Section of a newspaper issue.

An analog medium for magnetic recording of audio and video information, made of a thin magnetizable coating on a long, narrow plastic tape, typically wound on a spool.

A non-rewritable optical disc used to store digital data.

A distributed and commoditized Internet-based computing resource, whereby shared services, software programs, and information storage facilities are provided to computers and other devices on demand, at locations of which the user may be unaware, like the electricity grid.

A rewritable digital medium for magnetic recording of audio, video and other data, made of a thin magnetizable coating on a long, narrow strip of plastic, usually wound on a spool.

A non-rewritable optical disc storage medium resembling a compact disc (CD), usually used for video and data storage. A DVD has the same physical dimensions as a CD, but is capable of storing more than six times as much data.

A thin flexible strip of plastic or other material coated with light-sensitive emulsion upon which images can be recorded, typically using a camera, usually used to record photographic images or motion pictures.

A rewritable data storage medium that is composed of a disk of thin, flexible (floppy) magnetic storage medium encased in a square or rectangular plastic shell. Data are encoded magnetically by a read/write head that float on a cushion of air in close proximity to the surface of the rotated disk.

A non-volatile storage device for digital data, composed of one or more rigid discs (platters) mounted side by side on a motor-driven spindle within a metal case. Data are encoded magnetically by read/write heads that float on cushions of air in close proximity to the surfaces of the rotated platters.

A global system of interconnected computer networks that uses the standard Internet Protocol Suite (TCP/IP) to serve billions of users worldwide. The internet connects millions of private, public, academic, business and governmental computers, that are individually attached to local networks linked together by a broad array of electronic, radio and optical networking technologies to form the internet.

A private computer network, unconnected to the internet or separated from it by a firewall, that uses a network operating system and Internet Protocol technologies to permit an organization's information to be shared securely within that organization.

A thin flat material, typically made from wood pulp, mainly used for writing upon, for printing upon or for packaging.

Abbreviation of Random Access Memory. A form of rewritable computer data storage that takes the form of integrated circuits that allow data to be stored and accessed in any order (i.e. at random), thereby achieving greater speed than for access of data stored in linear form on digital magnetic tape.

A digital storage device built entirely from solid electronic materials with no moving parts, e.g. a USB flash drive.

An analog sound storage medium consisting of a flat disc made of moulded vinyl plastic with an inscribed, modulated spiral groove.

A system of interlinked hypertext documents written in HTML and accessed using the HTTP protocol via the Internet.